Africa has witnessed numerous protests over the past decade, many of which have turned deadly. These protests often stem from deep-rooted political, economic, and social issues, reflecting the continent's complex and dynamic landscape. This article provides a comprehensive overview of significant deadly protests in Africa over the last ten years, shedding light on the causes and consequences of these pivotal events.
Sudan (2018-2019): Economic Hardships and Demand for Change
In December 2018, Sudanese citizens took to the streets to protest against rising living costs and economic hardships. These demonstrations soon escalated into a nationwide uprising demanding the end of President Omar al-Bashir's 30-year rule. The protests turned deadly, with security forces using live ammunition against demonstrators. The most violent crackdown occurred on June 3, 2019, resulting in over 100 deaths. The persistent pressure from the protesters eventually led to al-Bashir's ousting in April 2019.
Ethiopia (2015-2018): Opposition to Government Policies
Ethiopia faced significant unrest starting in 2015, primarily in the Oromia region. Protests erupted in response to government plans to expand the capital, Addis Ababa, into surrounding farmland, which threatened to displace local farmers. The protests soon spread to the Amhara region, reflecting broader discontent with government policies. The government’s violent crackdown on protesters resulted in hundreds of deaths over several years. The unrest played a crucial role in the resignation of Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn in 2018.
Democratic Republic of Congo (2016, 2022-2023): Political Turmoil
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) has experienced multiple waves of deadly protests. In 2016, citizens protested against President Joseph Kabila's refusal to step down at the end of his term, leading to dozens of deaths. More recently, in 2022 and 2023, protests against the United Nations peacekeeping mission MONUSCO turned violent. Civilians accused the mission of failing to protect them from militia violence, resulting in 36 deaths, including four UN peacekeepers.
Zimbabwe (2019): Economic Crisis and Fuel Price Hikes
In January 2019, Zimbabweans protested against a sharp increase in fuel prices, which had more than doubled overnight. The protests quickly turned violent, with security forces responding harshly. At least 12 people were killed, and many others were injured. The crackdown included reports of torture and sexual violence, highlighting the severity of the government's response to economic dissent.
Nigeria (2020): #EndSARS Movement Against Police Brutality
The #EndSARS movement in Nigeria began in October 2020, targeting the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) accused of widespread human rights abuses. The protests gained massive support both domestically and internationally. However, on October 20, 2020, security forces opened fire on peaceful protesters at the Lekki Toll Gate in Lagos, resulting in multiple fatalities. This incident, known as the Lekki Massacre, became a symbol of the fight against police brutality in Nigeria.
Senegal (2021-2023): Political Arrests and Opposition Crackdowns
Senegal has seen periodic protests since 2021, primarily due to the arrest of opposition leader Ousmane Sonko on rape charges. The demonstrations, which have continued sporadically into 2023, often turned violent, with security forces using live ammunition and tear gas. Multiple deaths have been reported, highlighting the ongoing political tension and public dissatisfaction with the government’s handling of dissent.
Chad (2022): Opposition to Military Rule
Following the death of President Idriss Déby in April 2021, his son Mahamat Déby took power through a military takeover. Protests erupted in 2022 against the junta's prolonged transition period and demand for civilian rule. The government’s violent suppression of these protests resulted in around 300 deaths, reflecting the deep-rooted instability in the country.
South Africa (2021): Unrest Following Jacob Zuma’s Imprisonment
In July 2021, South Africa experienced its worst violence since the end of apartheid. The unrest was triggered by the imprisonment of former President Jacob Zuma for contempt of court. The protests quickly escalated into widespread looting and violence, resulting in over 300 deaths. The events highlighted the deep economic and social inequalities in South Africa.
Burkina Faso (2014): Uprising Against President Blaise Compaoré
In October 2014, Burkina Faso witnessed massive protests against President Blaise Compaoré's attempt to amend the constitution to extend his 27-year rule. The protests turned violent, resulting in dozens of deaths. Ultimately, the public pressure forced Compaoré to resign and flee the country, marking a significant turning point in Burkina Faso's political history.
Kenya (2024): Opposition to the New Finance Bill
Most recently, in 2024, Kenya has seen significant protests against a new Finance Bill introduced by the government. The bill, perceived as burdensome by many, has sparked widespread demonstrations. The opposition argues that the bill will disproportionately affect the poor and exacerbate economic inequalities. The protests have already seen clashes with security forces, leading to multiple injuries and deaths.
Conclusion
The last decade has been marked by significant unrest across Africa, driven by a myriad of factors including economic hardship, political corruption, and demands for democratic reforms. These protests, while often met with violent repression, have played crucial roles in shaping the political landscapes of their respective countries. Understanding these events is essential for comprehending the broader socio-political dynamics of the African continent.
For more detailed insights into these events, refer to reliable sources like BBC News, which provides comprehensive coverage of global and regional developments.
Bernard Obeng Boateng
Lead Trainer
Finex Skills Hub
+233244782356
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